Department of English and Communications, Box 5053
Tennessee Technological University
Cookeville, TN 38505

sstedman@tntech.edu

It is a general rule, that when the bird fauna stays intact, so does the rest of the fauna and flora.  E. O. Wilson.

Introduction

Weather during the first week of June was coolish, especially during 4-7 June when night-time temperatures dipped into the low 50s F.  More seasonal temperatures returned 8 June and remained in effect until 13-15 June when another short cool spell set in. Dry conditions began during the first week of June with few rain events over most of the Region into mid-June.  The third week of June saw hot, muggy conditions prevail across the Region including several days with daily high temperatures in the high 90s F, but the last week or so of the month was more pleasant, with some rain events occurring here and there around the Region and daily high temperatures remaining mostly in the high 70s or 80s F.  Another cool spell with night-time lows in the high 50s F took place 6-8 July, after which a return to fairly normal summer conditions occurred.

    Breeding Bird Surveys and other bird-monitoring efforts were continued at several Regional sites this season.  For a look at some of the monitoring results this season (summarized in the various species accounts below), click on an appropriate link below:

• BSFNRRA BBS Data 2006
• DBNF (Little Lick) BBS Data 2006
• Frozen Head State Natural Area Cerulean Warbler Survey 2006
• OWSR Point Count Data 2006
• Putnam County Summer Roadside Survey (SRS)
• UCR Breeding Bird Survey Data 2006

    Just how "intact" the Regional breeding bird fauna remains can be puzzled out in a rough manner from the collective results of these monitoring efforts, which provide data for about 120 species of breeding birds in the Region. Clearly, we are losing the battle to retain the Loggerhead Shrike as a member of the Regional avifauna, and several other species, such as Northern Bobwhite, are showing serious declines in their Regional populations based on some or all of these monitoring efforts, but recent additions to the breeding avifauna, such as Eurasian Collared-Dove and Red-breasted and Brown-headed nuthatches, as well as the presence of a few dynamically increasing species--such as Blue-headed Vireo, Tree Swallow, and House Wren--may counteract part of the negative consequence attendant on the imminent loss of the shrike and the population reductions of a few other species.  Sadly, the shrike seems soon likely to join Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Bewick's Wren, and Bachman's Sparrow as vanished or nearly vanished Regional species.

Abbreviations:  * completed documentation form provided; BBS = Breeding Bird Survey; BSFNRRA = Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area; DBNF = Daniel Boone National Forest; KY = Kentucky; NPS = National Park Service; OWSR = Obed Wild and Scenic River; SRS = Summer Roadside Survey, Putnam County, Tennessee; TN = Tennessee; UCR = Upper Cumberland Region; USGS = United States Geological Survey. 

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to the observers cited below who provided records directly or indirectly for this report.

    Many thanks are also due to U.S. Forest Service personnel, including Joe Metzmeier, for coordinating the breeding bird survey in the Stearns Ranger District, DBNF, and for providing logistical support to the person running the route in that district.  Thanks are also due to various personnel, especially Nancy Keohane, in the OWSR for support in the conducting of point counts in that National Park Service unit.  Keith Pardieck (Breeding Bird Survey Program, USGS) and other USGS personnel provided basic materials to those conducting federal BBSs in the Region; to him thanks are also due, and thanks are due the USGS  for maintaining the BBS website where many BBS data (collected by many dozens of volunteer route runners) are accessible to those interested in the breeding status of Kentucky and Tennessee birds.

Waterfowl through Gallinaceous Species

A male Blue-winged Teal was noted on the lake at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 28 June 2006 (SJS), the first summer season record of this duck in that county.

    A male Ruddy Duck remained on the lake at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, from the beginning of the period until at least 28 June 2006 (SJS), providing the first summer season record for that county and perhaps the Region.

    Northern Bobwhites continued their significant decline in numbers on the 2006 Putnam County SRS, being found at the fewest points and in the lowest numbers since that survey began in 1991.

Loons through Herons

An immature Double-crested Cormorant near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 8 July 2006 (JEM) was the earliest of the "fall" to appear Regionally.

    A Great Egret at Randolph Pond, Walter Stone Rd., White Co., TN, 1 July 2006 (DAD, SJS) was the first this "fall" to appear Regionally.

    Four immature Little Blue Herons were the first to appear Regionally this "fall" when they showed up at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 26 July 2006 (RMD); an immature Little Blue at Rock Island State Park, White Co., TN, 29 July 2006 (MD, DAD) was the first of its kind to appear in that county since 1932 (Stevenson 1933) and the first for that park.

    A basic-plumaged (probably juvenile) Cattle Egret at Randolph Pond, Walter Stone Rd., White Co., TN, 1 July 2006 (DAD, SJS) was the first to appear this "fall" Regionally; it also provided the earliest fall arrival date ever for the Region and the 24th Regional record..

    An adult Yellow-crowned Night-Heron on Dry Valley Rd., Putnam Co., TN, 13 June 2006 (DLC, MV) was located at a site where this species has been reported a few times in the past.

New World Vultures through Coot

Each of the four known Osprey nests in Jackson Co., TN, was attended by adults 1 June 2006 (NSL) with at least two of the nests also containing young; one or two adults were in attendance at all nests 29 June 2006 (SJS, BHS) with large young (3) on, or a juvenile (1) near, three of the nests; these nests were monitored 14 July 2006 (NSL) when 2 young were noted at a nest where the number of young had been previously undetermined; all told, at least six young were produced from these four nests. A molting adult Osprey at the Lake Cumberland WMA, Pulaski Co., KY, 6 June 2006 (RMD) was of considerable interest.

    Rarely discovered in the Region, a nest of Sharp-shinned Hawk with an agitated adult in attendance was noted about 15 m high in a white pine along the Point Trail near Lilly Bluff, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 10 June 2006 (BHS).

    An American Coot with an injured right wing was found on Turner Creek near Marrowbone, Cumberland Co., KY, 9 July 2006 (WAW, SJS).

Shorebirds through Terns

The first Spotted Sandpiper of the "fall" Regionally appeared at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 25 July 2006 (RMD).

    A Solitary Sandpiper at a pond on Black Oak Rd., White Co., TN, 15 July 2006 (DAD was the first of the "fall" Regionally; next earliest were four apparently not-so-solitary Solitaries at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 26 July 2006 (RMD).

    The first Greater Yellowlegs of the "fall" Regionally was noted at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 29 July 2006 (RMD).

    A Lesser Yellowlegs at Cooley's Pond, Wayne Co., KY, 28 July 2006 (RMD) was the earliest returnee this "fall" Regionally.

    Earliest ever in Pulaski Co., KY, during "fall" and earliest Regionally this "fall" was an adult Sanderling at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 26 & 29 July 2006 (RMD photo); this sighting was just the fifth for the Region, with all of them emanating from Pulaski County.

    A Semipalmated Sandpiper at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 12 June 2006 (RMD) was latest reported during "spring" 2006 and latest ever in that county; the first "fall" returnee in the Region showed up at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 29 July 2006 (RMD).

    The first Pectoral Sandpipers of the "fall" Regionally included two at a pond on Black Oak Rd., White Co., TN, 15 July 2006 (DAD); next earliest were six Pecs at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 26 July 2006 (RMD); a count of 42 Pecs at the latter site 29 July 2006 (RMD) was a nice number for the early part of the migration.

    An adult Long-billed Dowitcher was seen and heard calling at the mudflats of the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 29 July 2006 (RMD photo), just the second record for that county, just the fourth Regionally, and exceptionally early.

    An unidentified dowitcher sp. was found at Cooley's Pond, Wayne Co., KY, 28 July 2006 (RMD), the first of its superspecies to be reported Regionally this "fall."

    The first Black Terns of the "fall" Regionally included five that appeared at Cooley's Pond, Wayne Co., KY, 28 July 2006 (RMD).

Doves through Vireos

Six Eurasian Collared-Doves were noted in Pikeville, Bledsoe Co., TN, 25 June 2006 (WAW, SJS), while two others were found that day on Ninemile Crossroad in the same county and a calling bird was heard several miles north of Ninemile Crossroad on Old Rt. 28 at a site where they have been seen in past years. A single collared-dove was noted 27 June 2006 on Rt. 70 about 2 km east of Rt. 56, Putnam Co., TN (SJS), slightly west of other sites where this dove has been found in that county previously.

    A fair amount of "whitewash" and a dropped flight feather provided evidence of recent presence by a Barn Owl in the silo at the Bridgestone/Firestone Centennial Wilderness, White Co., TN, 27 July 2006 (SJS, SGS), a site where this owl was first reported several years ago (see Fall 2002 UCR Bird Report) but not since.

    Chimney Swifts have undergone a 15-year decline in population number in Putnam County, TN, as judged by results of the 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 SRSs conducted there; this decline is about inversely proportional to the human population increase taking place in that county during the same interval.

    The height of an Eastern Wood-Pewee nest was measured (by a somewhat precarious method) and found to be 6.85 m (22.5 ft) above ground in a cherry tree near Science Hill, Pulaski Co., KY, in early June 2006 (RMD).

    Two Willow Flycatchers engaged in copulation and one noted carrying nest material were found on Bud Tanner Rd., Cumberland Co., TN, 7 June 2006 (JEM) with at least one Willow still present at this site 1 July 2006 (JEM, SJS); two Willows were noted at a pond near the Plateau Research and Education Center east of Mayland 18 June 2006 (JEM); and three singing Willows were noted at the Campbell Farm near Mayland 15 July 2006 (EKL, JEM, SJS).  All told, the Willow Flycatcher showing in Cumberland County this season was among the best for any single county of the Region in recent years.  A singing Willow in the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 24 June 2006 (SJS, DAD) was just the second to be recorded at that site and in that county.  Another singing Willow was heard along White's Bend Rd., Jackson Co., TN, 29 June 2006 (SJS, BHS).  And still another singing Willow was heard just south of Oneida, Scott Co., TN, 16 July 2006 (SJS, WAW).  These are all counties where this flycatcher has been occasionally detected in the past.

    A Least Flycatcher singing near Acorn, Pulaski Co., KY, 1 June 2006 (RMD) was either a latish migrant (more likely) or a breeding bird (less likely).

    For the third consecutive summer a pair of Scissor-tailed Flycatchers nested on Ninemile Crossroad, Bledsoe Co., TN, where they and their nest were first reported 10 June 2006 (DS, RS et al.); one adult was incubating while the other was nearby 24 June 2006 (CG, KR) and 25 June 2006 (SJS, WAW); one adult was photographed at this site 27 June 2006 (MEH photo); one of the adults brought a butterfly to the nest and fed it to a recently hatched young 30 June 2006 (JaF, RCF); two adults, one feeding young in the nest, were observed 1 July  2006 (SJS, JEM photo) and 2 July 2006 (CF); three young were counted in the nest 3 July 2006 (CE); three young were just beginning to venture out of the nest 8 July 2006 (CG), while four young (3 photographed) were noted on power lines near the nest 13 July 2006 (MR photo); by 16 July 2006 no scissor-tails could be located at this site (RDH et al.).

    Two Loggerhead Shrikes were noted 27 June 2006 on Student's Home Rd., DeKalb Co., TN (SJS, CDW), a site where a pair fledged several young during May; the pair may have attempted a second nest near the site of the first nest, but, if so, the second nest was not successful (JCF); two shrikes were also noted in the same county on the same day on County House Rd. (SJS, CDW), a site where young also fledged from a nest earlier in the season.  Two shrikes were noted at Boiling Pond and one on Horton Rd., both White Co., TN, 3 July 2006 (DAD, SJS).  Of interest was the apparent disappearance of shrikes from the Student's Home Rd. site in mid-July following the appearance of a [family?] group of nine American Kestrels at the site (JCF).

    Blue-headed Vireos increased in numbers considerably on the 2006 Putnam County SRS over numbers for all previous years during which the SRS has been conducted in that county; all of the increase in Blue-heads occurred predictably in the Cumberland Plateau portion of the county.

    Warbling Vireos are very uncommon to rare residents of most counties in the Region, so one heard along the Sulfur Lick BBS in southwestern Metcalfe Co., KY, 18 June 2006 (SJS) was notable; one of these vireos was noted at a different stop along the same BBS route in Metcalfe County 14 June 2003 (Palmer-Ball and McNeeley 2003b).  Another Warbling Vireo was noted 9 July 2006 in the Schickel Veterans Park in Burkesville, Cumberland Co., KY,  (SJS, WAW), a county where no records took place during the Kentucky Breeding Bird Atlas project (Palmer-Ball 1996) and where no other previous records existed.

Swallow through Waxwing

Tree Swallows continued to increase as breeders in Putnam Co., TN--where they were noted in greater numbers on the 2006 SRS than during any of the previous years when an SRS was conducted there--as well as at many other sites around the Region; two registered during the Hegira BBS in Cumberland Co., KY, 1 June 2006 (SJS) were the first recorded on that BBS route.

    A female Red-breasted Nuthatch was observed near the end of the Point Trail, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 4 June 2006 (BHS) in an area harboring white pines, the preferred nesting tree of this rare breeder in the Region; this record is the first summer record for the OWSR and probably for Morgan Co., TN; a calling Red-breast was heard in the same area 10 June 2006 (BHS).  Another Red-breast was heard during a BBS conducted 14 June 2006 along Fork Ridge Rd., BSFNRRA, Pickett Co., TN (SJS); there is one previous confirmed breeding record in the Scott County portion of the BSFNRRA (see Renfrow and Stedman 2003) but probably no summer record in the Pickett County portion of the park or anywhere else in Pickett County (or in nearby Fentress County).

    House Wrens continued to increase as breeders in Putnam County, TN, as evidenced by results of the 2006 SRS, on which they were registered in numbers more than double those detected during the 2001 SRS in that county. An excellent population of House Wrens was present in and near Burkesville, Cumberland Co., KY, where 28 were counted during five hours of observation 9 July 2006 (SJS, WAW).

    Two singing Sedge Wrens were observed in the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 22 July (SJS, DAD) and 27 July 2006 (SJS, SGS), a site where late breeding was detected during September 2004 (see Fall 2004 UCR Bird Report).

    Four Veeries were singing on Dorton Knob at the southern end of Brady Mountain at an elevation of c. 840-870 m near Cumberland Trail State Park, Cumberland Co., TN, 6 June 2006 (JEM, SJS); see the Spring 2006 UCR Bird Report for an earlier sighting at this location this year, and see the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report for a record last year, the first reported for this site, which is just the second known breeding location of this thrush in the Region, the other being the higher elevations of Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, where three Veeries were noted 4 June 2006 (SJS, DME) during a 16-km (10-mi) walk lasting 5.25 hrs. and where 19 were counted 21 June 2006 (DME), the latter count perhaps being an all-time Regional high count of this retiring thrush.  Six Veeries (3 singing and 3 calling) were noted on Dorton Knob 24 June 2006 (JEM, AFM); and five Veeries (1 singing and 4 calling) were present there 1 July 2006 (SJS, JEM).

    During the Silver Point BBS, two Cedar Waxwings were noted building a nest 3 June 2006 about 2 km east of Center Hill Dam on Rt. 141, DeKalb Co., TN (SJS), a county in which no positive breeding evidence for this species was secured during the Tennessee Breeding Bird Atlas project (Nicholson 1997).

Warblers

News about Cerulean Warblers was generally not so good during this breeding season.  The total (33) of the Cerulean Warblers counted during a 16-km Cerulean Warbler survey walk in Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, 4 June 2006 (SJS, DME) reflected a considerable reduction in numbers from the number (55) obtained during June 2005, though the latter was admittedly a "rebound" number; however, another survey for Ceruleans in the park 21 June 2006 (DME) turned up 53 singers, almost all at the higher elevations of the park.  Numbers of Ceruleans detected during the SRS in Putnam County, TN, were up for the points conducted in the Central Basin and Western Escarpment portions of the county, but these stops were conducted in late May, earlier on average than they were conducted during 1991, 1996, and 2001; see the Putnam County SRS for full details about the results of this project, and compare numbers of Ceruleans encountered during this survey with numbers encountered in the same general area on a different Cerulean Warbler survey conducted during late May 2006.  Three singing Ceruleans north of the high point (855 m [2800 ft]) and near the top of the western slope of Brady Mountain, Cumberland Trail State Park, Cumberland Co., TN, 6 June 2006 (SJS, JEM) provided one of few records with details from this site.  A Cerulean singing 10 June 2006 along the Point Trail about 0.5 km east of Lilly Bluff, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN (BHS) was at a site without a confirmed record since the late 1990s.

    Surveys undertaken in early to mid-June appeared to show that Swainson's Warblers were absent or down in numbers at many sites where they have previously been present in the Region, apparently not a status pertaining in the remainder of Tennessee (or Kentucky?).  All Regional records of this warbler are solicited.  See the Spring 2006 UCR Bird Report for a list of all spring and summer 2006 records in the Region of this warbler.

    A singing Canada Warbler present 24 June 2006 at Dorton Knob, Cumberland Co., TN (JEM, AFM) was the first found Regionally during breeding season away from Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN (with the exception that there may be a small breeding population of this warbler on or near Fork Mountain in extreme southeastern Scott Co., TN; see the Summer 2004 UCR Bird Report and the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report); a singing Canada and an adult female were also noted at Dorton Knob 1 July 2006 (JEM, SJS).

Sparrows through Weaver Finch

Four Henslow's Sparrows were noted in the Ano area of Pulaski Co., KY, 1 June 2006 (RMD), a site where somewhat greater numbers have been counted in recent years. A singing Henslow's was found 27 June 2006 on County House Rd., DeKalb Co., TN (SJS, CDW), the first record for that county; it was still present the next day (CDW photo); two were found at this site 30 June 2006 (CDW photo); at least five were present there 1 July 2006 (CDW photo, MJH, JCF); the field where the sparrows were found was mowed 4 July 2006 (CDW), and no Henslow's were noted after that date at the site (CDW).  Seventeen singing Henslow's were counted 1 July 2006 in the fields of the Campbell Farm east of Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN (SJS, JEM photo), the first record for that county.  Weedy field habitat at this 1500-acre site appeared capable of supporting a large population of Henslow's and was proved to do so 8 July 2006 (JEM, SJS) when a survey of many, but not all, fields on the farm turned up 56 singing males,13 nonsinging birds, and 3 juveniles, the latter providing positive evidence of breeding at the site.  The total of 72 Henslow's Sparrows was easily a record one-day, single-county high count for the Region and indicated that this population of Henslow's Sparrows is probably the third-largest colony known in Tennessee, after colonies at Fort Campbell, Montgomery Co., TN (estimated at 150+ pairs fide SGS), and at AEDC/Coffee County Airport/Bark Camp Barrens, Coffee Co., TN (estimated at 100+ pairs fide SGS); 25 more Henslow's (20 singers and 5 others, including two adults with food for young) were found in previously unsurveyed fields of the Campbell Farm 15 July 2006 (JEM, EKL, SJS); a few of the farm's larger fields were resurveyed during the next week (JEM), and the the overall count of Henslow's was increased by 5 singers as a result, so the final seasonal Henslow's tally at this site was 102 (81 singers and 21 nonsingers of which at least 2 carried food for young and 3 were juveniles).  One singing Henslow's was found in the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 3 July (DAD, SJS) and 27 July 2006 (SJS, SGS), a site that the species was first noted to occupy during July 2004 (Stedman and LeGrand 2005) but that it did not occupy during July 2005. 

    A female Rose-breasted Grosbeak carrying food for young was noted at the southern end of Brady Mountain on Dorton Knob near Cumberland Trail State Park, Cumberland Co., TN, 6 June 2006 (SJS, JEM); breeding season records of this species exist for nearby Hinch Mountain, though no such records have been reported in recent years.  The only other known Regional breeding site is Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, where four Rose-breasts were found 4 June 2006 (DME, SJS).

    A Dickcissel was found in eastern Macon Co., TN, 1 June 2006 (SJS) during the Union Hill BBS; this BBS route has consistently turned up small numbers of this species over the past three decades.  Another Dickcissel was noted along Jim Fancher Rd., White Co., TN, 3 June 2006 (SHF), making three consecutive years that this very uncommon Regional species has been present at that site; four Dickcissels were found 24 June 2006 in the same county (SJS, DAD) in an area bounded by Black Oak Rd., Duck Pond Rd. and Burgess Falls Rd., where no prior records were known, where three Dickcissels were still singing 3 July 2006 (SJS, DAD), and where no Dickcissels could be found after the field was mowed later in the month; a Dickcissel was singing at the west end of Frank's Ferry Rd., White Co., TN, 14 July 2006 (SJS, DAD), still another site where the species has not previously been detected in that county; two Dickcissels were singing at the Bridgestone/Firestone Centennial Wilderness 27 July 2006 (SJS, SGS), yet another site without a previous record of this species in that county; and six Dickcissels were singing in the Heritage Marsh 22 July (SJS, DAD) and 27 July 2006 (SJS, SGS), where none were found just  a couple weeks earlier, probably indicating that the birds in the Black Oak Rd. area, just a km away, moved to this site following the mowing of their field; overall, White County had a good number of Dickcissels this season.  Early mowing in Metcalfe and Monroe counties, KY, apparently depressed the Dickcissel count on the Sulfur Lick BBS 18 June 2006 (SJS), with only three being tallied (versus counts of up to a dozen in some recent years).  A singing Dickcissel was noted on Ninemile Crossroad, Bledsoe Co., TN, 25 June 2006 (SJS, WAW) and another was found on Old Rt. 28 about 3 km north of Ninemile Crossroad the same day (SJS, WAW).  At least five Dickcissels were found on County House Rd., DeKalb Co., TN, 27 June 2006 (SJS, CDW), continuing a record from last spring; six Dickcissels were found that same day on Pine Creek Falls Rd. in the same county (SJS, CDW); and two Dickcissles were noted the same day on Student's Home Rd. also in the same county (SJS, CDW); at least four Dickcissels were still singing along County House Rd. 7 July 2005 (CDW) and one was singing there 14 July 2006 (SJS, DAD); all in all, DeKalb County also had a nice population of Dickcissels this season.  A Dickcissel on Rt. 691 west of Burkesville, Cumberland Co., KY, 9 July 2006 (SJS, WAW) provided the first record with details for that county, where the species was unregistered during the Kentucky Breeding Bird Atlas project (Palmer-Ball 1996).

    Baltimore Orioles were noted at only 3 of 500 stops during the Putnam County SRS: 1 was found near Buffalo Valley 27 May 2006 (SJS) and 2 others were noted on Bear Creek Rd. 5 June 2006 (SJS).  

Observers:  Daniel L. Combs (DLC), Roseanna M. Denton (RMD), Douglas A. Downs (DAD), Marti Downs (MD), David M. Engebretson (DME), Chuck Estes (CE), Carol Fegarido (CF), Janie C. Finch (JaF), Richard C. Finch (RCF), Susan H. Ford (SHF), Judy C. Fuson (JCF), Carole Gobert (CG),  Michael J. Hawkins (MJH), Michael E. Hodge (MEH), Ronald D. Hoff (RDH), Nancy S. Layzer (NSL), Edmund K. LeGrand (EKL), Anita F. Mast (AFM), Joseph E. Mast (JEM), Kelly Roy (KR), Debbie Shannon (DS), Roi Shannon (RS), Scott G. Somershoe (SGS), Barbara H. Stedman (BHS), Stephen J. Stedman (SJS), Mark Vance (MV), Winston A. Walden (WAW), Carol D. Williams (CDW).

Literature Cited

Appendix A: Reports of Loggerhead Shrike during Summer 2006 in the Upper Cumberland Region.

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