BIRDS of the UPPER CUMBERLAND REGION

Spring 2005 UCR Bird Report

(1 March–31 May)

Stephen J. Stedman

Department of English, Box 5053
Tennessee Technological University
Cookeville, TN 38505

sstedman@tntech.edu

Introduction

Although weather during the first half of March was punctuated by several nights with low temperatures in the 20s F and snow flurries were observed on at least one date during that period, no snow accumulated, continuing the generally snowless conditions of the previous three months.  However, a light snowfall during the night of 16/17 March 2005 led to accumulation of 0.5 inches at Cookeville, with somewhat greater amounts accumulating on the adjacent Cumberland Plateau and elsewhere northward in the Region.  Late March was generally warmish and dryish.  No cold fronts retarded leaf emergence during the first half of April around the Region; rainfall was plentiful during the first week of that month.  During the week-end of 23-24 April 2005 a fairly intense cold front passed through the Region, bringing with it night-time temperatures in the mid- to lower 30s F and a small amount of day-time frozen precipitation on the Cumberland Plateau. Late April and early May saw cool weather in the Region for about two weeks, including temperatures low enough to produce frost at several high elevation sites where early leaves were "burned back."  Then a week of unseasonably warm weather dominated the Region, followed by cool spells lasting a few days in mid-May and a longer period in late May.

    A summary of arrival and departure dates for migrant species during the season is available at this link:

• http://iweb.tntech.edu/sstedman/Spring2005ArrivalDepartureDatesUCR.htm

Whether there is an argument to be made in support of global warming based on the greater number of early spring arrival date records versus a lesser number of late spring departure date records this season is uncertain, but that is one way that such information might eventually be useful.

    A summary of results of Spring Bird Counts conducted in the Region is available at this link:

• Upper Cumberland Region SBCs 2005

Abbreviations

* = documentation form submitted; BSFNRRA = Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area; Co. = County; DBNF = Daniel Boone National Forest; KY = Kentucky; OWSR = Obed Wild and Scenic River; S. N. A. = State Natural Area; S. P. = State Park; SBC = Spring Bird Count; TN = Tennessee; UCR = Upper Cumberland Region; USFS = U. S. Forest Service.

Waterfowl and Gallinaceous Species

A Snow Goose seen 22 May 2005 at two sites near Gainesboro, Jackson Co., TN, was certainly quite late and hard to figure; it was detected flying with Canada Geese over the Roaring River Recreation Area during a survey conducted as part of Project ParkWatch (SJS, WAW) and on the ground at a farm about 5 km away (DR).

    An adult Brant associating with a small flock of Canada Geese at a pond near Bon Air, White Co., TN, 7 May 2005 (SJS photo, DAD, JEM) provided quite a treat when found during the White County Spring Bird Count; in the event that the provenance of this goose is not an issue, about which, see below, the sighting would represent the first with details for the Region and one of about a dozen records for Tennessee.  Another Brant, also associating with Canada Geese, was found at several sites in Pulaski Co., KY, 14/15/20-28 May 2005 (LK photo/CGH/RMD et al. photo), becoming the first for that county and only the 2nd for Kentucky, again, if the matter of the bird's origin can be resolved, which appears likely, given that Brant are typically late migrants and are expected in May in many areas where they are regular migrants (BrP fide BPB via RMD).  Speculation that the birds involved in these two sightings represented the same individual is bound to occur, but we can never know if that was the case.

    A male Gadwall at Cane Creek Park lake, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 10 April 2005 (WAW) set a new late spring departure date for the county and was also latest reported Regionally this season.

    Two American Black Ducks in Adair Co., KY, 2 April 2005 (RMD) were latest noted Regionally this spring.

    See the Winter 2004-2005 UCR Bird Report for the date of the first arriving Regional  Blue-winged Teal this "spring"; the last report of the season came from Randolph Pond, White Co., TN, 7 May 2005 (BHS) during the White County Spring Bird Count.

    A pair of Northern Shovelers was late on Student's Home Rd., DeKalb Co., TN, 11 May 2005 (JCF).

    Three male and three female Northern Pintails at Cooley's Pond, Wayne Co., KY, 10 March 2005 (RMD) were the last reported around the Region this spring.

    A pair of Green-winged Teal at Boiling Pond, White Co., TN, 4 May 2005 (SJS, EKL) was latest reported this spring Regionally.

    Two female Canvasbacks at Thurston's Pond, Wayne Co., KY, 10 March 2005 (RMD) were the last reported around the Region this spring.

    Nine Redheads at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 11 March 2005 (RMD) were the last reported Regionally this season.

    Latest Ring-necked Ducks Regionally this spring were singles in Pulaski Co., KY (RMD), and Putnam Co., TN (SJS), 8 April 2005.

    Two male Greater Scaups were sighted at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 20 March 2005 (SJS, WAW), just the third sighting in that county and latest in spring there.  Two Greaters in  Pulaski Co., KY, 31 March 2005 (RMD) was latest ever during spring there and latest reported Regionally this season.

    The last Lesser Scaups of the season Regionally included 10 at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 12 April 2005 (RMD).

    Two Long-tailed Ducks in the Buffalo Creek inlet of Cordell Hull Reservoir, Smith Co., TN, 20 March 2005 (SJS, WAW) provided the first record for that county and the 13th Regionally; a male Long-tail was noted on the extremely late date of 29 May 2005 at the mouth of the Sulfur Creek embayment of Dale Hollow Lake, Clay Co., TN (GN), providing the 2nd county record, the 14th Regional record, the latest spring departure date for the Region, and probably the latest spring departure date for Tennessee.

    A male Hooded Merganser stayed until 27 April 2005 on the lake at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN (SJS), being accompanied by a female until at least 20 April 2005.  Two female Hoodies, one with a brood of 8 young and the other with a brood of 2 young, were found in a wetland adjacent to the Wal-Mart in Sparta, White Co., TN, 27 April 2005 (DAD) and were still present 7 May 2005 (DAD, JM, SJS) during the White County Spring Bird Count; this is the same site where a female with 10 young was found by DAD during May 2004.

    The last Red-breasted Merganser of the spring Regionally was an extremely "ratty" looking female-plumaged bird noted at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 18 May 2005 (SJS); this record extended the late spring date in that county by 9 days.

    Reports of Ruffed Grouse are always scarce, so sightings of single birds near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 25 March 2005 (JEM); in the OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 5 April 2005 (BHS); in the DBNF, McCreary Co., KY, 9 April 2005 (CGH); on Rt. 164, Overton Co., TN, from late April to 29 May 2005 (HB photo); and in the DBNF, southern Pulaski Co., KY, 14 May 2005 (SM, RB) were welcome.  The first of these sightings was interesting in that the grouse followed the observer for over an hour while the observer remained in a fairly limited area looking for birds (besides the grouse, which became something of a pest); this grouse was seen on several later dates and exhibited the same behavior.  Also of interest behaviorally was the grouse noted on Rt. 164, Overton Co.; it perched on a four-wheeler alongside the observer (photo) at least once and interacted playfully with a pet dog on numerous occasions, grouse behaviors that are apparently not commonly observed but also not overly unusual for this species (see also Hassler 1968); perhaps more unusual was a foray undertaken by this same grouse into the house of a friend of Harold Bright; the grouse entered the house via the kitchen, wandered down a hallway, cruised into a bedroom, jumped on an occupied bed, and defecated on the bed before leaving the domicile!

    Nesting records of Wild Turkeys are scarce, so a bird flushed from a nest with 12 eggs in Macon Co., TN, 17 April 2005 (JDF) was noteworthy.

Loons through Herons

A basic-plumaged Pacific Loon was noted at the Floating Mill Recreation Area, Center Hill Lake, DeKalb Co., TN, 9 March 2005 (SJS *, BHS), providing the first county and Regional records of this scarce piscivore.

    Fifteen Common Loons at Holiday Lake, Crossville, Cumberland Co., TN, 8 April 2005 (JEM) provided a good count for that under-birded county; counts of 30 at Barren River Reservoir, Barren Co., KY, 7 April 2005 (DLR) and 26 at the Waitsboro Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 23 April 2005 (RMD) were also noteworthy; a late Common Loon was noted at Mystic View, Lake Cumberland, Wayne Co., KY, 20 May 2005 (RMD), the latest reported Regionally this season.

    At least 430 Horned Grebes were counted at the Floating Mill Recreation Area, Center Hill Lake, DeKalb Co., TN, 26 March 2005 (SJS), with about 90% in alternate plumage; this site attracted similarly large or larger numbers of grebes during late March of 2001 and early April of 1994, suggesting that it is a migration staging site for the species, as well as a wintering site. Two Horned Grebes at Barren River Lake State Park, Barren Co., KY, 7 April 2005 (DLR) were the latest reported this season Regionally.

    Six flyover Double-crested Cormorants seen 7 May 2005 at the Visitor Center, Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN (MEH, DME) were the first with details from that park and county; eight flyover cormorants found 20 May 2005 at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN (SJS) were among the latest reported Regionally this season.

    An American Bittern at the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 19 April 2005 (SJS, DAD) was the first reported this spring Regionally, but the species could spend the winter at that site, though no records as yet substantiate such a possibility.

    By mid-March of most years, Regional Great Blue Herons are busy nesting, usually near a large lake or river, so a flock of 8 Great Blues circling over Rotten Fork Rd., near Pall Mall, Fentress Co., TN, 13 March 2005 (SJS) was hard to figure; this site is near the Wolf River, which is, however, not a large river at that point.  Numbers of nests at Moss Island (6), Floating Mill Recreation Area, Center Hill Lake, and Edgar Evins State Park (10), both DeKalb Co., TN, were down somewhat from numbers of nests noted at those sites in some recent years. Six nests at the Hurricane Marina, Center Hill Lake, DeKalb Co., TN, 27 March 2005 (CDW) were a few more than were present at that site last year.

    A Great Egret spotted at a pond between mile markers 283 and 284 along I-40 west of Cookeville in Putnam Co., TN, 4 April 2005 (MJH) was the first reported Regionally this spring; a late Great was present on Martin Creek, western Putnam Co., TN, 14 May 2005 (NSL, SJS, CDW, JCF) during the Putnam County SBC.

    An alternate-plumaged Cattle Egret in Wayne Co., KY, 22 April 2005 (RMD) was earliest Regionally this season and the first ever for that county, as well as 20th Regionally.

    Earliest Green Herons this season Regionally were singles at City Lake/Shenandoah, both Putnam Co., TN, 7 April 2005 (BHS/MPO).

    Very late for the first Regional report of the spring was a Yellow-crowned Night-Heron on Dry Valley Rd., Putnam Co., TN, 5 May 2005 (BHS).  Several checks of Burgess Falls State Natural Area, Putnam/White counties, TN, failed to reveal a night-heron there until 14 May 2005 when an adult was seen (DLC, KB) during the Putnam County Spring Bird Count; similar checks of the area below the dam at Rock Island State Park, Warren/White counties, TN, in April and May revealed no evidence of this species, though it has been semi-regular at that site since at least 1982.

Diurnal Raptors

A check of three Osprey nests in Jackson Co., TN, 20 March 2005 (SJS, WAW) revealed adults on two of them.

    Late Northern Harriers included one on Student's Home Rd., DeKalb Co., TN, 29 April 2005 (JCF), one on Fancher's Mill Rd., White Co., TN, 4 May 2005 (SJS, EKL), and one at the Ano strip mines, Pulaski Co., KY, 13 May 2005 (BD); the first two of these counties reported the highest number of harriers Regionally during the past winter, so it is no surprise that they would also report some late sightings this spring; the last of these counties hosted a late harrier during spring 2004, so it is equally no surprise that a late harrier would be reported there this spring.

    A Cooper's Hawk nest with one adult nearby was found on Indian Knob Rd., McCreary Co., KY, 16 April 2005 (SJS et al.).

    A Broad-winged Hawk at Dry Creek Meadows, northern Putnam Co., TN, 4 April 2005 (GKE) was earliest reported Regionally this spring; another in the OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 5 April 2005 (BHS) was earliest ever reported in that park.

    Two "Western" Red-tailed Hawks--a definitive dark morph B. j. calurus adult and a probable dark intermediate (rufous) morph B. j. calurus adult--were found at widely separated sites in Smith Co., TN, 20 March 2005 (SJS, WAW).

    An immature or female Merlin was noted on Campground Rd., Putnam Co., TN, 2 March 2005 (BHS), providing the eighth county record but just the second during spring; another Merlin at Obed Junction in the OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 25 April 2005 (BHS) was the first confirmed in that park and in that county, as well as latest this spring and latest ever during spring in the Region.

    An adult Peregrine Falcon was noted on Upper Faulkner Springs Rd., McMinnville, Warren Co., TN, 17 April 2005 (GG), the first this spring Regionally and the first ever for that county.

Rails through Terns

Two Soras in the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 8 April 2005 (SJS, DAD) were earliest reported Regionally this season--and earlier than the early spring arrival date for nearby Putnam, TN; another Sora was heard at the same site 19 April 2005 (SJS, DAD) and 7 May 2005 (SJS, DAD, JM).  Two Soras in Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 during the Van Buren County BirdBlitz (SJS, DAD, EKL) provided the first records for that park and that county.  Single Soras at the Ano strip mines, Pulaski Co., TN, 3 May 2005 (RMD) and at Randolph Pond, White Co., TN, 7 May 2005 (BHS) were the only others reported.

    A sick or injured American Coot was present at a pond on Black Oak Pond, White Co., TN, during all of May 2005 (DAD et al.); otherwise, a group of 27 at the Waitsboro Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 1 May 2005 (RMD) and a single at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 5 May 2005 (GKE, SJS) provided the last reports of the season.

    Three Sandhill Cranes in northward flight over I-40 near mile marker 274, Putnam Co., TN, 26 March 2005 (SJS) were the last reported this season; see the Winter 2004-2005 UCR Bird Report, Appendix A, for a list of all cranes sightings for this season, as well as for northbound cranes sighted last season.

    An immature Whooping Crane was briefly observed at a small pond near Bullington Lane in Jackson Co., TN, 7 March 2005 (NSL *), the first record of this introduced migrant for that county and one of few records of unassisted migrant Whoopers so far obtained for the Region.

    The first Semipalmated Plover of the season Regionally showed up at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 25 April 2005 (RMD); see the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report for the date of the last Semi report of the season.

    The first Greater Yellowlegs of the season Regionally was a single that appeared 13 March 2005 on Vaughn Rd., DeKalb Co., TN (ZF, JCF photo).

    Earliest Lesser Yellowlegs Regionally this spring were five at Boiling Pond, Pete Felton Rd., White Co., TN, 25 March 2005 (DAD); a count of 35 at various sites in Pulaski Co., KY, 2 May 2005 (RMD) was noteworthy; the late report was made in Pulaski Co., KY, 20 May 2005 (RMD), a record that also constituted the latest spring departure date for that county; for the latest report of the season, see the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report.

    Solitary Sandpiper returned to the Region this spring 28 March 2005 when one was sighted at Macedonia Pond, White Co., TN (DAD); a count of 29 at various sites in Pulaski Co., KY, 2 May 2005 (RMD) was noteworthy; the last report of the season came shortly thereafter, when a single Solitary was noted 5 May 2005 at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD).

    Thirty Willets on Stubblefield Rd. 2 May 2005 (JWN *) provided the only report of the season Regionally, the first record for Warren Co., TN, and the 8th record for the Region, all records falling within a narrow window from 21 April to 13 May.

    Earliest ever--by one day--during spring in Putnam Co., TN, was a Spotted Sandpiper at Cane Creek Park 8 April 2005 (SJS); it was also earliest reported Regionally this season; a count of 19 at various sites in Pulaski Co., KY, 2 May 2005 (RMD) was noteworthy; a late report  was made near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 30 May 2005 (JEM), but for the latest Regionally this season see the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report.

    A Semipalmated Sandpiper was reported in Pulaski Co., KY, 20 May 2005 (RMD), rather late for the first of the season, while 11 near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (JEM) were the first ever reported for that county; for the latest reports Regionally this season check the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report.

    A Least Sandpiper at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 30 March 2005 (RMD) was the first of the season Regionally to be encountered; the last report came 28 May 2005 when one was noted at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD).

    Two White-rumped Sandpipers on Flat Fork Rd., Morgan Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM) were the first ever locally and the first reported Regionally this season.

    Two Pectoral Sandpipers south of Baker's Crossroads,  White Co., TN, 27 March 2005 (SJS) were earliest Regionally this spring; singles at Cooley's Pond 22 April 2005 (RMD) and in Van Buren Co., TN, during the Van Buren County BirdBlitz 30 April 2005 (DAD, MPO) were getting late, but the last Pec reported was noted 7 May 2005 (SJS, DAD) in White Co., TN, during the White County SBC.

    A pond on Hickory Valley Rd., White Co., TN, hosted a Stilt Sandpiper 7 May 2005 (SJS, DAD, JEM), providing just the second spring record for the Region.

    A Short-billed Dowitcher in Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY, 2 May 2005 (RMD) was earliest Regionally this spring and earliest ever during spring in that county and in the Region, as well as just the sixth Regional record; among three dowitchers present along Martin Creek, Putnam Co., TN, 14 May 2005 (NSL, SJS, CDW photo, NSL), one uttered the classic "tu-tu-tu" call of the Short-bill; this record was latest ever in spring for both Putnam County and the Region.  Note the narrow window of occurrence during spring.

    Three American Woodcocks courting at Cordell Hull Dam, Smith Co., TN, 20 March 2005 (SJS, WAW) provided the first record with details for that county.  An adult and four young were flushed near Nancy, Pulaski Co., KY, 20 April 2005 (LM).  See Appendix B of the Winter 2004-2005 UCR Bird Report for a list of all woodcock records during this season.

    The gull roost at Floating Mill Recreation Area, Center Hill Lake, DeKalb Co., TN, hosted at least 2000 gulls, including about 500 Bonaparte's Gulls and 1500 Ring-billed Gulls, on the evenings of 9/10 March 2005 (SJS et al./CDW); a smaller but still noteworthy concentration of 150 Bonaparte's and 200 Ring-billed gulls was present at the Wolf Creek Dam, Russell Co., KY, 12 March 2005 (RMD et al.); and a flock of 450 Ring-bills was noted at Boiling Pond, White Co., TN, 16 March 2005 (DAD), reminiscent of a flock of 300 counted at the same site during late February 2004.  the last Bonaparte's Gulls of the season were 15 noted 12 April 2005 at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area (RMD).

    A late and ragged-looking Ring-billed Gull was noted in the Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY, 21 May 2005 (RMD), the latest of the season to be reported Regionally.

    Eighteen Common Terns at the Waitsboro Recreation Area, Lake Cumberland, Pulaski Co., KY, 20 May 2005 (RMD) provided a nice count of a species seldom reported in the Region; this record was also the latest in spring in that county.

    Two Forster's Terns at the Fishing Creek Recreation Area, Pulaski Co., KY, 12 April 2005 (RMD) were earliest ever in that county and earliest Regionally this spring; four at the Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY, 5 May 2005 (RMD) were the last reported of the season.

Doves through Jays

Six Eurasian Collared-Doves were present on Jaybird Rd., Overton Co., TN, 12 March 2005 (WAW, SJS), a slightly higher number than typically noted at that traditional site in the past; a probable pair was noted 9 April 2005 near Science Hill, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD), a site where the species was first noted last season.  Four calling collared-doves in Sparta, White Co., TN, 7 May 2005 (BHS) during the 2nd annual White County SBC provided the first record for that county; just the third record for Putnam Co., TN, was made on the TTU campus 14 May 2005 (KLM) during the Putnam County Spring Bird Count.

    The earliest Yellow-billed Cuckoo of the season Regionally was observed 25 April 2005 on Hurricane Ridge Rd., DeKalb Co., TN (TLC, VC).

    A Chuck-will's-widow became the first noted Regionally this season when it was heard singing on Bullington Lane, Jackson Co., TN, 14 April 2005 (NSL, JL).

    A singing Eastern Whip-poor-will on Bullington Lane, Jackson Co., TN, 4 April 2005 (JL, NSL) was the first noted Regionally this spring.

    The earliest reported Chimney Swift this spring Regionally was found at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 5 April 2005 (SJS, GKE, NSL); 230 swifts streaming northward at an altitude of  50-75 m during a 10-minute period in the early afternoon of 30 April 2005 (EKL, SJS) probably represented migratory movement.  Fifty swifts entering the chimney of the Old Maintenance Bldg. on the TTU campus, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, at 0830 CDT 2 May 2005 were probably escaping chilly, foggy conditions; these were also probably migrants, given the fairly large number involved.

    A male Ruby-throated Hummingbird on Student's Home Rd., DeKalb Co., TN, 31 March 2005 (JCF) was the first reported Regionally this spring.

    The adult male Rufous Hummingbird that arrived in DeKalb Co., TN, during late November 2004 and that remained throughout the winter was last seen 13 March 2005 (TLC, VC), shortly after completing his pre-nuptial molt; the adult female that arrived in Putnam Co., TN, during early October 2004 and that remained through the winter was photographed on the snowy morning of 17 March 2005 (SH photo) and stayed until 3 April 2005 (SH).

    Earliest Regionally this spring was an Eastern Wood-Pewee north of Smithville, DeKalb Co., TN, 22 April 2005 (CDW).

    The earliest Acadian Flycatchers were singles that appeared 29 April 2005 at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN (SJS), and near Barnett Bridge, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN (SJS); the latter sighting was made during a 13-km canoe trip on Clear Creek; along the same 13-km stretch of river 6 May 2005 a count of 20 Acadians was made (SJS, BHS), giving an indication of the timing of the arrival of most breeders in that area and perhaps around the Region generally.  The high count for the Region this spring came from Putnam Co., TN, where 85 were counted along 82 km (51 mi) of roads in western Putnam County 19 May 2005 (SJS, WAW); this number compares to 98 counted during a survey of the same route 20 May 2004.

    An Alder Flycatcher was heard near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 17 May 2005 (JEM *), the first of the season Regionally and just the second report ever from that county; just the second record of Alder Flycatcher for Putnam Co., TN, took place at Cane Creek Park 20 & 23 May 2005 (SJS) in the same lakeside brushy area where the first record transpired 28 May 2001; heavy rain the night of 19/20 May 2005 probably contributed to this flycatcher's presence 20 May 2005.

    The earliest Willow Flycatcher of the season appeared near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 16 May 2005 (JEM); another at Roaring River Recreation Area, Jackson Co., TN, 22 May 2005 (SJS, WAW) was the first for that park.  After six consecutive years of presence on the north shore of the lake at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, no Willows were noted this spring at that site, which has grown up considerably and now has many trees more than 7 m in height, perhaps discouraging use of the site by Willows.

    Latest ever in spring in Putnam Co., TN, was a singing Least Flycatcher at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 23 May 2005 (SJS); a probable breeder was singing at an elevation of about 3100 feet near Tub Spring, Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM).

    Tying the early spring arrival date in Putnam Co., TN, was a Great Crested Flycatcher at City Lake 12 April 2005 (BHS); also tying the early spring arrival date in Pulaski Co., KY, was another Crested at Fishing Creek 13 April 2005 (BPB).

    The first Eastern Kingbird this spring Regionally appeared at the Holmes Creek Recreation Area, Center Hill Lake, DeKalb Co.,TN, 3 April 2005 (CDW).

    The earliest White-eyed Vireos of the spring Regionally were reported 7 April 2005 in the Shenandoah area of Putnam Co., TN (MPO), and in Pulaski Co., KY (RMD); the latter sighting tied the early spring arrival date for Pulaski County.

    Yellow-throated Vireos appeared in the Region 9 April 2005 when one was found in Jackson Co., TN (MJH), the first of the spring to be reported.

    A singing Blue-headed Vireo near the Lilly Bridge, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 15 March 2005 (BHS) was the earliest reported Regionally this season and the earliest ever in that park; 2 Blue-headed Vireos 28 May 2005 on Hog Mountain (elevations 451 m [1479 ft] and 538 m [1766 ft]), southwestern Wayne Co., KY (RMD) were probably indicative of the species' ongoing expansion into sites once too low to be acceptable breeding sites but currently being adopted as breeding sites.

    The first Warbling Vireo of the season Regionally appeared near Fishing Creek, Ansel, Pulaski Co., KY, 18 April 2005 (RMD), setting a new early spring arrival date in that county by 12 days.

    Earliest Red-eyed Vireos this spring Regionally included one singing in Lake Cumberland State Resort Park, Russell Co., KY (SJS), and one found on Upper Flynn Creek, Jackson Co., TN (MJH), both 10 April 2005.

    As is typical during mid- to late April of most spring seasons, Blue Jays staged a northeasterly migration that was sometimes quite conspicuous, as during the week-end of 15-17 April 2005 when "hundreds" were noted in migratory flight over Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN (CMM); the migration of jays continued until at least the end of the first week of May.

Swallows through Waxwing

See the Winter 2004-2005 UCR Bird Report for the first Regional reports of Purple Martins and Tree Swallows this "spring"; see the page listing early and late dates of arrival and departure of migrant  species (link in the Introduction) for other early reports of swallows in Regional counties this season.  Three Tree Swallows at Clifty Pond, Pulaski Co., KY, 11 March 2005 (RMD) were not only earliest this season in Pulaski but were also earliest ever during spring in that county.

    The earliest Northern Rough-winged Swallows appeared at a nesting site south of Sparta, White Co., TN, 20 March 2005 (DAD).

    The first Bank Swallow of the season Regionally appeared in Pulaski Co., KY, 23 April 2005 (RMD).

    Quite early and Regionally first this spring were two Cliff Swallows at the confluence of Indian Creek and Cordell Hull Lake (Cumberland River), Smith Co., TN, 26 March 2005 (SJS), a regular breeding site for this swallow.  Cliff Swallows were noted at several sites where they are not breeders in southern White Co., TN, 4 May 2005 (EKL, SJS), suggesting a migratory movement, probably of birds headed toward northern breeding sites.

    The earliest Barn Swallow Regionally showed up at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 23 March 2005 (SJS, NSL).

    The last Winter Wren of the season was noted 16 April 2005 near Devil's Jump in the Blue Heron area, BSFNRRA, McCreary Co., KY (SJS).

    Earliest House Wrens this season Regionally were three at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 6 April 2005 (BHS); 65 House Wrens on the Putnam County SBC 14 May 2005 provided an all-time high count in Putnam County for this increasing breeder in the Region.  Until about 5 years ago most House Wrens were found in towns, villages, and subdivisions primarily, but more and more this fine songster is being found out in "country" settings (DLC pers. com.), far from the madding crowd.

    Two singing Sedge Wrens were heard at the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 19 April 2005 (SJS, DAD), the first report Regionally this spring, but the species was noted at this site during the White County CBC in December 2004 and might overwinter at that site in some years.  Another singing Sedge Wren in Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (SJS, DAD) provided a nice sighting on the Van Buren County BirdBlitz and was the first with details from that park and county.  Still other singing Sedge Wrens were seen on Duck Pond Rd., White Co., TN, 4 May 2005 (SJS, EKL) and at the Wal-Mart in Sparta, White Co., TN, 7 May 2005 (SJS, DAD, JEM).  An even later report involved 1-3 singing on Bud Tanner Rd. near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 13-18 May 2005 (JEM), the last date setting a new late spring departure date for the Region.

    A singing Marsh Wren was heard and seen at the Heritage Marsh, White Co., TN, 19 April 2005 (SJS, DAD), the first reported this season Regionally, but this species, like the previous one, was observed in this marsh during the White County CBC in December 2004 and might overwinter at that site in some years; the last Marsh Wren of the season Regionally was noted 13 & 15 May 2005 on Bud Tanner Rd. near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN (JEM).

    The latest Golden-crowned Kinglets of the spring were four at the Cathy Crockett Memorial Trail, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD).

    The last Ruby-crowned Kinglet of the season was reported 5 May 2005 at the Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD.

    The first Blue-gray Gnatcatcher of the season Regionally was noted at the Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY, 30 March 2005 (RMD).

    Slightly late for the first Veery of the season Regionally was one at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 3 May 2005 (SJS); four likely breeders, including two singers, were noted along the upper end of the South Old Mac Trail, Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM).

    Regionally first this season were three Gray-cheeked Thrushes at Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (SJS, DAD, EKL, MPO); a singing Gray-cheek 20 May 2005 at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN (SJS), a nonsinger 21 May 2005 near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN (JEM, SJS), and one in Pulaski Co., KY, 22 May 2005 (RMD) were latest reported Regionally, the latter bird also being the latest ever during spring in Pulaski County.

    Earliest reported Swainson's Thrush was a singer at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 29 April 2005 (SJS); the last Swainson's reported this spring was noted at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 27 May 2005 (SJS).

    A latish Hermit Thrush was noted during a Wednesday morning birdwalk at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 20 April 2005 (SJS, NSL), and an even later Hermit showed up on the Van Buren County BirdBlitz in Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (SJS, DAD); several reports of singing Hermits were made, including 2 near Blue Heron, BSFNRRA, McCreary Co., KY, 16 April 2005 (SJS), the latest sighting ever noted in that park.

    Following some tempting, but not quite confirmable, reports of Wood Thrush in late March, the first one Regionally showed up 10 April 2005 at Lake Cumberland State Resort Park, Russell Co., KY (SJS).

    Earliest of the season Regionally was a Gray Catbird at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 16 April 2005 (BHS).

    After being rather difficult to detect through much of the winter and into March and April, Cedar Waxwings returned to the Region in typical numbers during early to mid-May; a pair was nest-building in a cemetery at Hanging Limb, Overton Co., TN, 30 May 2005 (SJS, WAW); see the Summer 2005 UCR Bird Report for other nest records of this species within the Region.

Warblers

Blue-winged Warblers were a bit late in appearing, the first observation taking place 13 April 2005 along Martin Creek Rd., Putnam Co., TN (SJS); one near the Bear Creek Overlook 16 April 2005 was the earliest ever in the BSFNRRA, McCreary Co., KY (BPB).  A count of 37 Blue-wings made 19 May 2005 along 82 km (51 mi) of roads in western Putnam Co., TN (SJS, WAW) provided a new high count for that county; one of these Blue-wings, located on Indian Creek Rd.,  was singing the Type A (aka Type I) song of Golden-winged Warbler.

    Quite late for the first report of the season Regionally was a Golden-winged Warbler singing at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 5 May 2005 (SJS, BHS); two others were found in White County, TN, 7 May 2005 (BHS) during the second annual SBC in that county.

    A Brewster's Warbler, one of the forms resulting from hybridization of Blue-winged and Golden-winged warblers, was seen and heard--singing a song that was not the Type A (aka Type I) song of either Blue-winged or Golden-winged--31 May 2005 on Rt. 1363 in southwestern McCreary Co., KY (RMD); there are very few records of Brewster's Regionally and none verified for Lawrence's.

    The first Tennessee Warbler of the spring Regionally was heard in Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 23 April 2005 (SJS et al.); the observer encountered only one other individual of this warbler during the remainder of the spring, and there was only one Tennessee reported collectively on four Regional SBCs,  each circumstance a cause for concern about this once common spring migrant in the Region.

    Orange-crowned Warblers are often scarce during spring, so one frequenting the same patch of cedars at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 13, 20, & 23 April 2005 (NSL, SJS, GKE) was a welcome repeater; another noted at the trailhead for the Split-Bow Arch Trail in the BSFNRRA, McCreary Co., KY, 16 April 2005 (BPB) was the first reported in that county and the first reported in that park during spring.

    Quite late for the first Nashville Warbler of the spring Regionally was one 30 April 2005 during the Van Buren County BirdBlitz in Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN (SJS), where it was also the first with details for that park and county.

   A Northern Parula returned to the Upper Cumberland 3 April 2005 when one was heard singing along Indian Creek Rd., Putnam Co., TN (SJS).

    A Yellow Warbler at Lure Lodge, Lake Cumberland State Resort Park, Russell Co., KY, 10 April 2005 (SJS, AMM) was earliest reported Regionally this spring.

    The first Chestnut-sided Warblers of the spring Regionally showed up in Fall Creek Falls State Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (SJS, DAD, EKL, MPO) during the Van Buren County BirdBlitz.

    A single Magnolia Warbler in Fall Creek Falls State Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (EKL, MPO) was the first of the season reported Regionally; a late bird was at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 27 May 2005 (SJS), setting a new late spring departure date for the county.

    Earliest ever in Pulaski Co., KY, and earliest Regionally this spring was a Cape May Warbler near Science Hill 22 April 2005 (RMD).

    The only reports of Black-throated Blue Warbler emanated from Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM), when three singing males and a female, all likely breeders, were counted along the upper reaches of the North Old Mac Trail and from the Blue John area of the DBNF, Pulaski Co., KY, 31 May 2005 (LO).

    The last Yellow-rumped Warbler of the season was reported from eastern Putnam Co., TN, 14 May 2005 (BHS) during the Putnam County Spring Bird Count.

    Black-throated Green Warblers at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN (SJS, NSL, GKE), and at Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD), both 30 March 2005, were the first noted Regionally this spring but a bit late for the first Greens of the season, at least by comparison with early dates obtained during several recent years.  Two Greens on Hog Mountain (elevation c. 442-541 m [1450-1775 ft]), southwestern Wayne Co., KY, 28 May 2005 (RMD) were interesting finds at such a low elevation on such a late date; breeding is certainly suggested.

    The first Blackburnian Warblers of the season Regionally were found in Fall Creek Falls State Resort Park, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (SJS, DAD, EKL, MPO) during the Van Buren County BirdBlitz; eight possible breeders were singing at elevations ranging from 762-10006 m [2500-3300 ft] in Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM), while another was noted on that date on the jeep road below the upper connection with the Bird Mountain Trail (CE).

    The first-arriving Yellow-throated Warbler of the season Regionally appeared 30 March 2005 at the Pulaski County Park, Pulaski Co., KY (RMD), slightly late for the first of the season Yellow-throated.

    The first Prairie Warbler of the spring Regionally showed up near Barnett Bridge, Morgan Co., TN, 6 April 2005 (JTR).

    A latish Palm Warbler was noted in Putnam Co., TN, 14 May 2005 (BHS) during the Putnam County Spring Bird Count.

    The season's first Bay-breasted Warbler Regionally was a male on Rt. 285, Van Buren Co., TN, 30 April 2005 (EKL, SJS); few reports of this migrant warbler were submitted, a typical spring showing.

    Blackpoll Warblers were first Regionally reported this season from City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 29 April 2005 (SJS) and last reported from the same site 18 May 2005 (SJS).

    The earliest Cerulean Warbler of the spring Regionally was heard at a breeding site along Martin Creek Rd., Putnam Co., TN, 13 April 2005 (SJS), tying the early spring arrival date in that county.  A count of 42 Ceruleans was made in western Putnam Co., TN, along 82 km (51 mi) of roads 19 May 2005 (SJS, WAW; for specific results click on this link: CERW Survey in Western Putnam Co., TN); this same route was surveyed 20 May 2004, when 47 Ceruleans were counted.  A count of 20 Ceruleans was made in Frozen Head State Natural Area between the main trailhead and the fire tower, mainly on the South Old Mac Trail, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM); the same day 18 Ceruleans were counted on the North Old Mac Trail (SJS, JEM), and 17 were counted along the Jeep Road from the main campground to the first campsite on the left past the upper connection with the Bird Mountain Trail (CE).  Seven Ceruleans were counted in southeastern Overton Co., TN, 30 May 2005 (SJS, WAW) on Tyler Point Rd./Cedar Chapel Rd. (3), Shiloh Rd (2), and along Rt. 85 (2) where that road traverses the escarpment in a series of switchbacks.  A survey along Rt. 1363 in southwestern McCreary Co., KY, 31 May 2005 resulted in a count of 3 Ceruleans (RMD).  See Appendix B below for a list of spring and summer sightings of Cerulean Warblers at known or potential breeding sites around the Region. 

    Earliest this spring in the Region was a Black-and-white Warbler at Barnett Bridge, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 28 March 2005 (BHS).

    The first American Redstart of the season Regionally was heard along Martin Creek Rd., Putnam Co., TN, 13 April 2005 (SJS); a count of 51 redstarts along 82 km (51 mi) of roads in western Putnam Co., TN, 19 May 2005 (SJS, WAW) compares slightly unfavorably with 58 noted along the same route 20 May 2004.

    Earliest ever in Pulaski Co., KY, 7 April 2005 was a Prothonotary Warbler on Fishing Creek (RMD); it was also earliest this season Regionally; a Prothonotary at the Roaring River Recreation Area, Jackson Co., TN, 23 April 2005 (WAW) was the first for that park and that county and was another result of Project ParkWatch.

    Two Worm-eating Warblers at Natural Arch Scenic Area, DBNF, McCreary Co., KY, 9 April 2005 (SJS, RMD et al.) were earliest in the Region this spring.

    The first Swainson's Warbler of the spring Regionally appeared at a breeding site--Jett Bridge, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN--17 April 2005 (BHS).  A Swainson's on Brown Hollow Rd., western Putnam Co., TN, 19 May 2005 (SJS, WAW) brought to four the total number of records for that county, all occurring in mid- to late May, all involving singers, and all taking place in habitat--steep, wooded hillsides with a dense understory, not always including cane--that is not usually associated with the species in Tennessee--where bottomland cane thickets in the west and rhododendron-covered hillsides in the east are the expected habitats of this retiring warbler; non-rhododendron and non-cane hillside habitat is used by the species in other parts of its range, for instance in southern West Virginia, so it no surprise to find it using this habitat in the Region, albeit the brevity of most observations suggests it is attractive to migrant Swainson's, not breeders; however, one of the Putnam Swainson's stayed two weeks in such habitat (9-23 May 1992), so it is possible that the species may breed Regionally at such sites.

    Very early near Lilly Bridge, OWSR, Morgan Co., TN, 5 April 2005 (BHS) was the first Ovenbird of the season Regionally; it was also earliest ever in that park.

    Earliest this spring Regionally was a Northern Waterthrush at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 24 April 2005 (BHS). A count of five Northerns was made 3 May 2005 at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN (SJS), while singles were counted at Black Oak Rd., Lizard Lane, and Dead Cow Pond (Randolph Lane) in White Co., TN, 4 May 2005 (SJS, EKL); a late Northern was noted at Badger Flat, Rock Island State Park, Warren Co., TN, 21 May 2005 (DAD).

    A Louisiana Waterthrush singing 25 March 2005 along Rt. 214 in southern Cumberland Co., KY (SJS), provided the early arrival date this spring in the Region.

    Earliest this season Regionally was a Kentucky Warbler 17 April 2005 in Macon Co., TN (JDF).

    The only report of Mourning Warbler this season Regionally came from Mark, near Shopville, Pulaski Co., KY, 22 May 2005 (WN) where it set a late spring departure date for that county.

    Common Yellowthroats were a bit late appearing, the first reports being made at Cane Creek Park, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN (SJS, NSL), and in Pulaski Co., KY (RMD), both 13 April 2005.

    A Hooded Warbler singing at the Natural Arch Scenic Area, DBNF, McCreary Co., KY, 9 April 2005 (SJS, RMD, CGH, LO, GC) was the earliest reported this spring Regionally.

    The earliest Canada Warbler of the spring Regionally and the earliest ever in Putnam Co., TN, was noted in the Shenandoah area 19 April 2005 (MPO); a late Canada was noted near Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, 21 May 2005 (SJS, JEM), and an even later Canada was singing in Ensor Sink Natural Area, Cookeville, Putnam Co., TN, 27 May 2005 (SJS), setting a new late spring departure date for the county.

    First-of-the-season Yellow-breasted Chats Regionally appeared in Putnam, TN (MPO), and Adair, KY (RMD), each 22 April 2005.

Sparrows through Finches

The first migrant Vesper Sparrow of the season Regionally was noted in White Co., TN, 30 March 2005 (DAD); one at Cordell Hull Dam, Smith Co., TN, 3 April 2005 (SJS) provided the first record with details for that county.

    A latish Savannah Sparrow was noted 14 May 2005 at the Hackworth Farm, Rt. 62, 12 km east of Monterey (BHS).

    The first Grasshopper Sparrow of the season appeared 10 April 2005 at the White County Airport, White Co., TN (SHF); another was heard the next day on Bunker Hill Rd., Putnam Co., TN (SHF), the earliest sighting ever during spring in that county.  Fifteen seen or heard at the Ano strip mines, Pulaski Co., KY, 3 May 2005 (RMD) provided the Regional high count this season.

    Two singing Henslow's Sparrows on Beech Grove Rd., Pulaski Co., KY, 18 April 2005 (RMD) were the earliest reported this spring Regionally.

    By five days the latest ever in Putnam Co., TN, and latest Regionally this season was a singing Lincoln's Sparrow at City Lake 20 May 2005 (SJS).

    A late White-throated Sparrow was still singing daily in the Shenandoah area of Putnam Co., TN, 26 May 2005 (MPO).

    The last reports of the season Regionally for White-crowned Sparrow were made 7 May 2005 in White Co., TN (SJS, DAD, JEM et al.) and in DeKalb Co.,TN (MH).

    The final sighting of Dark-eyed Junco in the Region this spring took place in Cumberland Co., TN, 16 April 2005 (JEM).

    Earliest Summer Tanager Regionally this spring was one at Standing Stone State Park, Overton Co., TN, 16 April 2005 (RC).

    The first Scarlet Tanagers of the season Regionally were noted 10 April 2005 in DeKalb Co., TN (TLC, VC), and Russell Co., KY (SJS, AMM).

   The first Rose-breasted Grosbeak of the season Regionally was a male at a feeder north of Smithville, DeKalb Co., TN, 19 April 2005 (CDW); one calling Rose-breast, a likely breeder, was noted near the upper end of the South Old Mac Trail, Frozen Head State Natural Area, Morgan Co., TN, 28 May 2005 (SJS, JEM).

    The earliest Blue Grosbeaks of the season Regionally were noted at Science Hill, Pulaski Co., KY, 23 April 2005 (RMD) and near Allen Hollow Rd., Putnam Co., TN, 25 April 2005 (JaF, RF).

    Indigos Buntings returned to the Region this spring on 17 April 2005 when one was noted near Lilly Bridge, Morgan Co., TN (BHS), and when another was noted near Hidden Hollow, Putnam Co., TN (MR).

    A female Dickcissel at Roaring River Recreation Area, Jackson Co., TN, 22 & 29 May 2005 (WAW, SJS) was the first for that park and county, as well as the first reported in the Region this spring, but quite late for the first seasonal sighting.

    Earlier than any Bobolinks ever reported in Putnam, TN, or Pulaski, KY--the only Regional counties with lists of early and late dates of arrival and departure for migrant species--were several near Vernon, Monroe Co., KY, 22/23 April 2005 (fide TMC/TMC photo).

    The last Rusty Blackbirds of the season Regionally were seen in Pulaski Co., KY, 8 April 2005 (RMD).

    First observed in the Region this season was an Orchard Oriole at Roaring River Park, Jackson Co., TN, 17 April 2005 (WAW).

    Primacy of occurrence this season in the Region must be accorded the Baltimore Oriole seen 20 April 2005 on Hurricane Ridge Rd., DeKalb Co., TN (TLC, VC); although very uncommon around most of the Region, Baltimores reside in the area around Mayland, Cumberland Co., TN, in moderate numbers (JEM pers. com.).

    A brown Purple Finch at City Lake, Putnam Co., TN, 5 May 2005 (SJS, BHS) was the latest reported Regionally this season.

    Pine Siskins were scarce early in the season, but quite a few reports of small flocks took place during late April; getting quite late were the following: a flock at a thistle feeder in Shenandoah, Putnam Co., TN, 16-17 May 2005 (MPO) and a single on Hurricane Ridge Rd., DeKalb Co., TN, 24 May 2005 (TLC, VC).

Observers:  Kris Bolin (KB), Kevin Bowden (KeB), Harold Bright (HB), Rhonda Bryant (RB), Terry M. Campbell (TMC), Daniel L. Combs (DLC), Richard Connors (RC), Granville Cox (GC), Tommy L. Curtis (TLC), Virginia Curtis (VC), Roseanna M. Denton (RMD), Douglas A. Downs (DAD), David M. Engebretson (DME), Ginger K. Ensor (GKE), Chuck Estes (CE), Janie C. Finch (JaF), Ric Finch (RF), Susan H. Ford (SHF), John D. Froeschauer (JDF), Judy C. Fuson (JCF), Zack Fuson (ZF), Gregg Garrison (GG), Michael J. Hawkins (MJH), Mary Hays (MH), C. Gay Hodges (CGH), Michael E. Hodge (MEH), Stan Hood (SH), Laura Kamperman (LK), James Layzer (JL), Nancy S. Layzer (NSL), Edmund K. LeGrand (EKL), Allen Lively (AL), Scott Marsh (SM), Joseph E. Mast (JEM), Linda McClendon (LM), Kenneth L. Morgan (KLM), Arlene M. Morton (AMM), Charlie M. Muise (CMM), Wendell Neeley (WN), Gregg Nivens (GN), Jason W. Norris (JWN), Laura Obiso (LO), Brainard Palmer-Ball, Jr. (BPB), Bruce Peterjohn (BrP), Michele Ramsey (MR), Jeanne T. Richardson (JTR), David L. Roemer (DLR), Dena Russell (DR), Debbie Shannon (DS), Roi Shannon (RS), Ronnie D. Smith (RDS), Barbara H. Stedman (BHS), Stephen J. Stedman (SJS), Winston A. Walden (WAW), Carol D. Williams (CDW).

Literature Cited

Appendix A. Reports of Loggerhead Shrike during Spring 2005 in the Upper Cumberland Region.

Appendix B. Records of Cerulean Warblers at Known or Suspected Breeding Sites in the UCR during Spring and Summer 2005.

Appendix C. Records of Swainson's Warblers in the UCR during Spring 2005.

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